Name three determinants of health within the social-ecological model.

• A. Individual behaviours, social and community networks, and living and working conditions (e.g., housing, education, income)
• B. Genetics, age, and metabolism
• C. Diet, sleep, and exercise
• D. Language, culture, and religion

Answer: (A)

Health is shaped by influences at multiple levels in the social-ecological model. The three determinants shown—individual behaviours, social and community networks, and living and working conditions—cover those levels well. Individual behaviours are the actions people take that affect their health; social and community networks encompass the support, norms, and influences that come from relationships and groups; and living and working conditions include the broader environment people inhabit, such as housing quality, education, and income, which shape access to resources and exposure to risks. Together, they illustrate how health results from a mix of personal choices, social context, and the physical and economic environment. The other options concentrate on biology, narrow lifestyle factors, or culture alone, and don’t capture this spread across levels.